Getting a model to say “I don’t know”
AI can sound certain while being wrong. Make uncertainty explicit, allow abstention and check whether the evidence supports the answer.
Intermediate AI
ChatGPT
What a context window actually is
A context window is a request budget, not perfect recall. How history, output limits, caching and product memory affect what an assistant can use.
Beginner AI
Tokens, and why your bill is not about words
Token counts depend on the model and the actual request. Learn to estimate input, caching, reasoning, and output costs without treating words as a precise measure.
Beginner AI
Why two people get different answers from the same model
Same-looking requests can differ in context, tools, settings or generation. How to compare answers without guessing which cause dominates.
Beginner AI